Microgrids represent an innovative solution aimed at improving energy resilience and reducing environmental impact. The integration of renewable energy sources into microgrids, such as photovoltaic and wind systems, certainly presents significant advantages but also difficulties in maintaining grid stability and reliability as renewable sources are intrinsically variable and intermittent. In recent years, Vehicle-to-Grid technology has emerged as a promising solution for improving stability and frequency regulation in microgrids. In this work, Vehicle-to-Grid technology is investigated by considering battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles, equipped with reversible fuel cells, for the frequency control of an autonomous three-phase microgrid at 50 Hz, 25 kV-600V. Through numerical simulations, carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, different scenarios are examined by varying the number of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles connected to the grid during the day. The obtained results suggest that the engagement of both battery and fuel cell electric vehicles as Vehicle-to-Grid technologies can significantly improve frequency regulation thanks to the rapid response of this king of vehicles to fluctuations in renewable energy. However, the optimal integration of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles must be carefully determined to maximize microgrid benefits.
Investigation on battery and fuel cell electric vehicle-to-grid potential for microgrid frequency regulation
De Santis, Michele
2025
Abstract
Microgrids represent an innovative solution aimed at improving energy resilience and reducing environmental impact. The integration of renewable energy sources into microgrids, such as photovoltaic and wind systems, certainly presents significant advantages but also difficulties in maintaining grid stability and reliability as renewable sources are intrinsically variable and intermittent. In recent years, Vehicle-to-Grid technology has emerged as a promising solution for improving stability and frequency regulation in microgrids. In this work, Vehicle-to-Grid technology is investigated by considering battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles, equipped with reversible fuel cells, for the frequency control of an autonomous three-phase microgrid at 50 Hz, 25 kV-600V. Through numerical simulations, carried out in MATLAB/Simulink, different scenarios are examined by varying the number of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles connected to the grid during the day. The obtained results suggest that the engagement of both battery and fuel cell electric vehicles as Vehicle-to-Grid technologies can significantly improve frequency regulation thanks to the rapid response of this king of vehicles to fluctuations in renewable energy. However, the optimal integration of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles must be carefully determined to maximize microgrid benefits.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
