Decoding the intricate metabolic and biochemical changes in plant senescence: a focus on chloroplasts and mitochondria

Background Plant senescence is a genetically controlled process that results in the programmed death of plant cells, organs or the entire plant. This process is essential for nutrient recycling and supports the production of plant offspring. Environmental stresses, such as drought and heat, can hasten senescence, reducing photosynthetic efficiency and significantly affecting crop quality and yield.Scope This invited review seeks to clarify the complex metabolic and biochemical transformations involved in plant senescence by explaining the mechanisms in a straightforward and connected manner. It focuses on key cellular processes, such as genetically programmed or stress-induced senescence, chlorophyll metabolism and nutrient recycling, while also exploring the roles of signalling molecules and pathways.Conclusions Understanding the complexities of plant senescence might help to manage crop ageing, address climate change and cut post-harvest losses. Enhancing crop resilience to stress and decelerating ageing can reduce the need for overproduction, thereby decreasing pollution and conserving resources. Tackling food waste, which constitutes about one-third of global supplies, is crucial for ensuring food security and fostering environmental sustainability.