Psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in people with type 1 diabetes: A systematic literature review

Objective: A comprehensive picture of the data on the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is currently lacking. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize extant literature reporting on the effects of COVID-19 on psychological outcomes in individuals with T1D and to identify associated factors. Methods: A systematic search was conducted with PubMed, Scopus, PychInfo, PsycArticles, ProQuest, and WoS using a selection procedure according to the PRISMA methodology. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In all, 44 studies fulfilling the eligibility criteria were included. Results: Findings suggest that during the COVID-19 pandemic, people with T1D had impaired mental health, with relatively high rates of symptoms of depression (11.5–60.7%, n = 13 studies), anxiety (7–27.5%, n = 16 studies), and distress (14–86.6%, n = 21 studies). Factors associated with psychological problems include female gender, lower income, poorer diabetes control, difficulties in diabetes self-care behaviors, and complications. Of the 44 studies, 22 were of low methodological quality. Conclusions: Taking appropriate measures to improve medical and psychological services is needed to support individuals with T1D in appropriately coping with the burden and difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and to prevent mental health problems from enduring, worsening, or having a long-term impact on physical health outcomes. Heterogeneity in measurement methods, lack of longitudinal data, the fact that most included studies did not aim to make a specific diagnosis of mental disorders limit the generalizability of the findings and have implications for practice.