Insights into the Italian university system: analyzing standardized indicators.

The identity spline is a special spline function that allows controlled perturbations of a variable, especially the response variables in a regression context. These perturbations allow decision makers to explore different scenarios of varying complexity, such as the development of poverty reduction strategies in a social context. Here, we propose a functional-scalar LASSO regression in which the response variable is transformed into a functional object using the identity spline, which allows scenario-based modifications by perturbing its nodal coefficients.