Territorial Inequalities in Access to Pharmacies in Milan, with a Spatial Analysis Based on ISTAT Data and Municipal Open Data

Access to pharmacies is a crucial element in ensuring equitable delivery of healthcare services. Despite Italy’s overall high density of pharmacies, territo-rial inequalities persist due to socioeconomic and demographic factors. This study analyzes the distribution of pharmacies within Milan, investigating their spatial relationship with general practitioners and pediatricians, as well as key popula-tion characteristics (population density, average income, and age structure). Using ISTAT 2011 data and municipal open data, logistic regression and spatial analysis models (including GIS techniques) were employed to identify significant corre-lations and critical issues. The results reveal a clear gradient of inequality: while central and higher-income areas exhibit a higher concentration of pharmacies, several peripheral areas are underserved. These findings underscore the need for revising pharmacy allocation policies and redefining service areas in accordance with the guidelines set by Law 27/2012. This study analyzes the distribution of pharmacies in Milan, evaluating territorial inequalities linked to socioeconomic and demographic factors.