Novel biorefinery ideas for conversion of biomass to biofuel

The current economic model produces large amounts of waste causing environmental problems. In contrast, circular economy focuses on the efficient utilization of resources, increasing materials’ lifecycle, recycling, and decreasing environmental damage. Biorefineries are the foundation for accomplishing sustainable development goals and transitioning to the circular economy. Biomass wastes are sustainable feedstock for biorefineries and are increasing due to population growth and urbanization. Thermochemical conversion technologies specifically supercritical water gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction, and hydrothermal carbonization are viable technologies for wet biomass feedstock. Therefore, the objective of this article is to investigate a possible biorefinery integration scenario with the mentioned processes and the feasibility of the integrated processes. A study on biorefinery processes could facilitate the transition to a circular economy and sustainability and provide a holistic view for decision-makers.