V2G Potential in Italy: Status, Challenges, and Future Directions from a Grid and Consumer Perspective

One of the main contributors to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is the transportation industry. Starting the change to electric vehicles (EVs), Italy is aiming at complete energy sustainability. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which lets EVs provide energy back to the grid, therefore enhancing grid stability and efficiency, marks a significant development in this shift. This study presents the infrastructure, implementation issues, and current status of V2G in Italy. It highlights smart meter deployment, pilot projects, and the expansion of charging infrastructure while addressing important technical and regulatory barriers like the limited availability of bidirectional chargers and uncertain standards and tariffs. Recommendations are provided to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), grid operators, and legislators, emphasizing investment, standardization, and consumer education to mitigate these difficulties. The study indicates that while V2G offers significant prospects for energy resilience and decarbonization, its successful implementation relies on coordinated efforts across multiple sectors.